How long is the flight from Kerala to London?

Departing from Kerala to London will take you 16h. The distance between Kerala and London is about 5102 mi. Both multi-stop and direct flights can be found to your destination and back.

What are the cheapest airlines to fly from Kerala to London one-way?

The cheapest airline one-way is SriLankan Airlines, with whom users have recently found tickets for as low as £138. However, be on the lookout for offers from Kuwait Airways and Etihad Airways, as they are both options that can get you from Kerala to London for a low price.

In terms of precipitation, rainfall in London ranges from 40.0 - 70.0 inches per month. January is typically the wettest month, when rainfall can reach 70.0 mm. July is typically the driest time to visit London when rainfall is around 40.0 mm.

If weather is an important factor for your trip to London, use this chart to help with planning. For those seeking warmer temperatures, July is the ideal time of year to visit, when temperatures reach an average of 17.0 C. Travellers hoping to avoid the cold should look outside of January, when temperatures are typically at their lowest (around 4.0 C).

What are the most popular routes from Kerala to London?

The most popular flight routes from Kerala to London are Kochi - London Gatwick, Kochi - London Heathrow and Kochi - London Stansted.

What are the most popular airlines that fly from Kerala to London?

Air India, Etihad Airways and Emirates are the most popular airlines when flying from Kerala to London.

Can I find deals for flights from Kerala to London that include hotel bookings?

Yes. In addition to deals on Kerala to London flights, Cheapflights offers holiday packages that include both flights and hotel.

How can I find direct flights from Kerala to London?

After entering your origin and destination, apply the non-stop filter on the search result page to find direct flights from Kerala to London.

Can I find deals for business class flights from Kerala to London?

Yes. Cheapflights offers flight deals from Kerala to London by cabin class. In addition to browsing deals, you can also filter by cabin class on the search results page after making a search.

£174+ Flights from Kerala to London

Cheap flight deals from Kerala to London

Enter your travel dates to find the best prices.

Cheapest flights from Kerala to London
Explore the most affordable flight options available from Kerala to London. Find the lowest fares from popular airlines and budget airlines, with prices last updated on 5 December 2025.

Mon 22/1206:05COK - LHR

1 stop19h 55mAir India

Mon 5/122:00LHR - COK

1 stop16h 55mAir India

Deal found 3/12£429

Mon 22/1216:00COK - LHR

1 stop25h 00mAir India

Tue 6/108:45LHR - COK

1 stop23h 30mAir India

Deal found 3/12£430

Mon 22/1223:00COK - LHR

1 stop18h 00mAir India

Mon 29/1221:05LHR - COK

1 stop19h 40mAir India

Deal found 5/12£432

Sun 7/1223:20COK - STN

2 stops28h 25mMultiple Airlines

Thu 19/308:10STN - COK

3 stops18h 55mMultiple Airlines

Deal found 4/12£437

Mon 8/1223:00COK - LHR

1 stop17h 35mMultiple Airlines

Thu 12/320:05LHR - COK

1 stop12h 00mMultiple Airlines

Deal found 4/12£440

Fri 26/1206:05COK - LHR

1 stop19h 55mAir India

Tue 30/1221:05LHR - COK

1 stop30h 10mAir India

Deal found 4/12£441

Thu 11/1203:40COK - LHR

1 stop20h 00mEtihad Airways

Tue 17/319:20LHR - COK

1 stop25h 50mEtihad Airways

Deal found 4/12£442

Mon 8/1221:30COK - STN

3 stops30h 40mMultiple Airlines

Sat 10/106:10STN - COK

3 stops40h 20mMultiple Airlines

Deal found 4/12£446

Sun 7/1223:00COK - LHR

1 stop17h 35mMultiple Airlines

Mon 16/308:25LHR - COK

1 stop23h 00mMultiple Airlines

Deal found 4/12£452

Mon 8/1223:00COK - LHR

1 stop17h 35mMultiple Airlines

Mon 16/308:25LHR - COK

1 stop23h 00mMultiple Airlines

Deal found 4/12£453

Mon 8/1220:00COK - LHR

2 stops17h 35mLufthansa

Thu 12/307:40LHR - COK

2 stops17h 55mLufthansa

Deal found 4/12£456

Fri 26/1210:00COK - LHR

1 stop14h 25mAir India

Wed 31/1221:05LHR - COK

1 stop12h 35mAir India

Deal found 3/12£459

Best flights from Kerala to London
Discover carefully curated flight deals from Kerala to London that have cost, travel time, and stopovers in mind to ensure you get the best travel experience. Data last updated 5 December 2025.

Sat 17/116:35COK - STN

2 stops24h 20mMultiple Airlines

Sat 24/106:00STN - COK

3 stops32h 25mMultiple Airlines

Deal found 2/12£427

Mon 22/1223:00COK - LHR

1 stop18h 00mAir India

Mon 29/1221:05LHR - COK

1 stop19h 40mAir India

Deal found 5/12£432

Sun 8/303:15COK - LHR

1 stop16h 00mKuwait Airways

Wed 11/310:45LHR - COK

1 stop15h 30mKuwait Airways

Deal found 2/12£432

Sun 10/503:55COK - LGW

1 stop19h 10mAir Arabia

Mon 18/519:35LGW - COK

1 stop18h 35mAir Arabia

Deal found 4/12£484

Tue 20/104:10TRV - LHR

1 stop15h 50mEtihad Airways

Sat 24/120:55LHR - TRV

1 stop17h 35mEtihad Airways

Deal found 3/12£486

Mon 22/1221:55COK - LCY

2 stops17h 05mKLM

Tue 6/107:45LCY - COK

2 stops20h 55mKLM

Deal found 3/12£495

Wed 28/120:30TRV - LHR

2 stops21h 50mLufthansa

Sat 21/307:40LHR - TRV

2 stops21h 15mLufthansa

Deal found 3/12£503

Thu 12/304:50COK - LGW

1 stop31h 00mGulf Air

Sun 15/310:35LGW - COK

1 stop11h 55mGulf Air

Deal found 2/12£517

Fri 13/309:40COK - LGW

1 stop14h 15mEmirates

Tue 17/309:40LGW - COK

1 stop16h 55mEmirates

Deal found 4/12£524

Sun 8/316:45COK - LCY

2 stops21h 25mSWISS

Sun 12/419:20LCY - COK

2 stops31h 15mSWISS

Deal found 3/12£704

Mon 19/121:30COK - STN

3 stops30h 40mMultiple Airlines

Mon 26/108:05STN - COK

3 stops30h 25mMultiple Airlines

Deal found 5/12£438

Fri 26/1206:05COK - LHR

1 stop19h 55mAir India

Tue 30/1221:05LHR - COK

1 stop30h 10mAir India

Deal found 4/12£441

Mon 6/401:35COK - LHR

1 stop17h 40mKuwait Airways

Wed 20/511:45LHR - COK

1 stop15h 30mKuwait Airways

Deal found 4/12£473

Sun 11/103:55CCJ - LHR

1 stop15h 35mQatar Airways

Mon 12/118:55LHR - CCJ

1 stop26h 00mQatar Airways

Deal found 3/12£968

Wed 28/120:30TRV - LHR

2 stops18h 45mLufthansa

Fri 20/306:35LHR - TRV

2 stops20h 40mLufthansa

Deal found 3/12£503

Mon 22/1221:55COK - LHR

2 stops18h 20mKLM

Tue 6/106:30LHR - COK

2 stops18h 35mKLM

Deal found 3/12£513

Mon 22/1206:35TRV - LGW

3 stops46h 35mMultiple Airlines

Thu 1/112:40LGW - TRV

2 stops18h 25mMultiple Airlines

Deal found 3/12£475

Tue 27/105:45TRV - LHR

1 stop30h 20mGulf Air

Mon 23/321:50LHR - TRV

1 stop17h 50mGulf Air

Deal found 3/12£524

Wed 1/410:35COK - STN

1 stop12h 40mEmirates

Tue 26/514:55STN - COK

1 stop31h 30mEmirates

Deal found 4/12£527

Mon 22/1211:15TRV - LHR

1 stop24h 50mAir India

Thu 1/122:00LHR - TRV

1 stop22h 00mAir India

Deal found 4/12£480

Tue 27/104:20CCJ - LHR

1 stop15h 40mEtihad Airways

Sun 1/220:55LHR - CCJ

1 stop24h 20mEtihad Airways

Deal found 2/12£540

Wed 1/401:35COK - LHR

1 stop17h 40mKuwait Airways

Wed 20/511:45LHR - COK

1 stop15h 30mKuwait Airways

Deal found 4/12£503

Mon 11/504:25COK - STN

1 stop13h 00mEmirates

Mon 18/514:55STN - COK

1 stop31h 30mEmirates

Deal found 4/12£527

Mon 22/1219:35COK - LHR

2 stops18h 00mLufthansa

Mon 5/107:40LHR - COK

2 stops17h 55mLufthansa

Deal found 3/12£533

Thu 25/1221:55COK - LCY

2 stops27h 10mKLM

Tue 30/1220:05LCY - COK

2 stops29h 00mKLM

Deal found 3/12£534

Tue 27/105:45TRV - LHR

1 stop30h 20mGulf Air

Sat 21/321:50LHR - TRV

1 stop25h 40mGulf Air

Deal found 3/12£534

Fri 16/104:35TRV - LGW

1 stop19h 20mMultiple Airlines

Sat 24/108:25LGW - TRV

2 stops38h 20mMultiple Airlines

Deal found 3/12£494

Fri 3/403:55COK - LGW

1 stop19h 10mAir Arabia

Sat 23/519:35LGW - COK

1 stop18h 35mAir Arabia

Deal found 4/12£600

Sat 7/204:20CCJ - LHR

1 stop19h 20mEtihad Airways

Tue 10/219:20LHR - CCJ

1 stop25h 55mEtihad Airways

Deal found 3/12£547

Thu 2/401:35COK - LHR

1 stop17h 40mKuwait Airways

Wed 20/511:45LHR - COK

1 stop15h 30mKuwait Airways

Deal found 4/12£528

Last-minute flights from Kerala to London
Discover last-minute flight deals from Kerala to London. Data last updated 5 December 2025 and is based on user searches.

Sun 7/1223:20COK - STN

2 stops28h 25mMultiple Airlines

Thu 19/308:10STN - COK

3 stops18h 55mMultiple Airlines

Deal found 4/12£437

Sun 7/1223:00COK - LHR

1 stop17h 35mMultiple Airlines

Mon 16/308:25LHR - COK

1 stop23h 00mMultiple Airlines

Deal found 4/12£452

Mon 8/1223:00COK - LHR

1 stop17h 35mMultiple Airlines

Thu 12/320:05LHR - COK

1 stop12h 00mMultiple Airlines

Deal found 4/12£440

Mon 8/1221:30COK - STN

3 stops30h 40mMultiple Airlines

Sat 10/106:10STN - COK

3 stops40h 20mMultiple Airlines

Deal found 4/12£446

Mon 8/1223:00COK - LHR

1 stop17h 35mMultiple Airlines

Mon 16/308:25LHR - COK

1 stop23h 00mMultiple Airlines

Deal found 4/12£453

Thu 11/1203:40COK - LHR

1 stop20h 00mEtihad Airways

Tue 17/319:20LHR - COK

1 stop25h 50mEtihad Airways

Deal found 4/12£442

Mon 22/1206:05COK - LHR

1 stop19h 55mAir India

Mon 5/122:00LHR - COK

1 stop16h 55mAir India

Deal found 3/12£429

Mon 22/1216:00COK - LHR

1 stop25h 00mAir India

Tue 6/108:45LHR - COK

1 stop23h 30mAir India

Deal found 3/12£430

Mon 22/1223:00COK - LHR

1 stop18h 00mAir India

Mon 29/1221:05LHR - COK

1 stop19h 40mAir India

Deal found 5/12£432

Fri 26/1206:05COK - LHR

1 stop19h 55mAir India

Tue 30/1221:05LHR - COK

1 stop30h 10mAir India

Deal found 4/12£441

Sat 17/116:35COK - STN

2 stops24h 20mMultiple Airlines

Sat 24/106:00STN - COK

3 stops32h 25mMultiple Airlines

Deal found 2/12£427

Mon 19/121:30COK - STN

3 stops30h 40mMultiple Airlines

Mon 26/108:05STN - COK

3 stops30h 25mMultiple Airlines

Deal found 5/12£438

One-way flights from Kerala to London
Search for one-way flight options from Kerala to London. Find affordable one-way fares based on user searches. Data last updated 5 December 2025.

Fri 12/1223:20COK - LHR

1 stop25h 30mIndiGo

Deal found 2/12£174

Thu 11/1220:05COK - LGW

3 stops33h 20mMultiple Airlines

Deal found 4/12£174

Wed 6/511:00COK - LHR

1 stop36h 30mAir India

Deal found 4/12£175

Mon 2/210:35COK - LHR

1 stop14h 15mIndiGo

Deal found 4/12£178

Fri 12/1210:00COK - LHR

1 stop14h 25mAir India

Deal found 4/12£178

Thu 18/1220:05COK - LGW

3 stops33h 20mMultiple Airlines

Deal found 3/12£178

Mon 23/203:15COK - STN

2 stops38h 00mMultiple Airlines

Deal found 4/12£178

Fri 19/1207:50COK - LHR

1 stop16h 35mAir India

Deal found 3/12£180

Mon 23/208:55COK - STN

2 stops32h 20mMultiple Airlines

Deal found 4/12£180

Mon 19/123:00COK - LHR

1 stop27h 00mAir India

Deal found 3/12£181

Sat 13/1223:00COK - LHR

1 stop37h 05mAir India

Deal found 4/12£181

Sat 20/1210:35COK - LGW

2 stops42h 35mMultiple Airlines

Deal found 4/12£183

Find flight deals from Kerala to London

Round-trip from	£427
One-way from	£174
Popular in	January
Cheapest in	October
Average price	£620
Good round-trip deal	£832 or less
Good one-way deal	£271 or less

17/1-24/1
5 total stops
56h 45m total
Kerala to London

Search Deals

IndiGo
12/12
1 total stop
25h 30m total
Kerala to London

Search Deals

Highest demand for flights based on searches. 8% potential increase in price (£43 potential increase over avg. return price).

Search Deals

Cheapest flight prices on average. 2% potential price decrease (£9 potential savings vs. average return price).

Search Deals

Average for round-trip flights in December 2025

Search Deals

Price to beat on a round-trip flight from Kerala to London (LON).

Search Deals

Price to beat on a one-way flight from Kerala to London (LON).

Search Deals

Fly from

Fly to

Route

Depart

Return

Price

KochiLondon

COK - STN

COKSTN

Kochi

Sat 17/1

16:35-11:25

2 stops24h 20m

London Stansted

Sat 24/1

06:00-19:55

3 stops32h 25m

£427

KochiLondon

COK - LHR

COKLHR

Kochi

Mon 22/12

23:00-11:30

1 stop18h 00m

London Heathrow

Mon 29/12

21:05-22:15

1 stop19h 40m

£432

KochiLondon

COK - LHR

COKLHR

Kochi

Sun 8/3

03:15-13:45

1 stop16h 00m

London Heathrow

Wed 11/3

10:45-07:45

1 stop15h 30m

£432

KochiLondon

COK - STN

COKSTN

Kochi

Mon 19/1

21:30-22:40

3 stops30h 40m

London Stansted

Mon 26/1

08:05-20:00

3 stops30h 25m

£438

KochiLondon

COK - LHR

COKLHR

Kochi

Fri 26/12

06:05-20:30

1 stop19h 55m

London Heathrow

Tue 30/12

21:05-08:45

1 stop30h 10m

£441

KochiLondon

COK - LHR

COKLHR

Kochi

Mon 6/4

01:35-14:45

1 stop17h 40m

London Heathrow

Wed 20/5

11:45-07:45

1 stop15h 30m

£473

ThiruvananthapuramLondon

TRV - LGW

TRVLGW

Thiruvananthapuram

Mon 22/12

06:35-23:40

3 stops46h 35m

London Gatwick

Thu 1/1

12:40-12:35

2 stops18h 25m

£475

ThiruvananthapuramLondon

TRV - LHR

TRVLHR

Thiruvananthapuram

Mon 22/12

11:15-06:35

1 stop24h 50m

London Heathrow

Thu 1/1

22:00-01:30

1 stop22h 00m

£480

KochiLondon

COK - LGW

COKLGW

Kochi

Sun 10/5

03:55-18:35

1 stop19h 10m

London Gatwick

Mon 18/5

19:35-18:40

1 stop18h 35m

£484

ThiruvananthapuramLondon

TRV - LHR

TRVLHR

Thiruvananthapuram

Tue 20/1

04:10-14:30

1 stop15h 50m

London Heathrow

Sat 24/1

20:55-20:00

1 stop17h 35m

£486

Flights are sorted by cheapest return flights first.

Deals found on 2/12

Showing 1-10 of 60 results

...

Best time to book a flight from Kerala to London

Have a flexible travel schedule? Discover the best time to fly to London from Kerala with our price prediction graph.

Estimated return price

Rates are based on past data. Find the cheapest month and day to book your flight based on your travel requirements, then search for cheap deals.

Cheapflights Insights

Everything you need to know about your flight from Kerala to London

What is the cheapest month to book a flight from Kerala to London?

Currently, June is the cheapest month in which you can book a flight from Kerala to London (average of £381). Flying from Kerala to London in September is currently the most expensive (average of £490). There are several factors that can impact the price of a flight, so comparing airlines, departure airports and flight times can provide users with more options.

What is the cheapest time of day to fly from KL to LON?

Unlike at midday, when flights are generally more expensive, you can save up to 9% on flights from Kerala to London by exploring options for tickets in the morning.

What is the cheapest day to fly from Kerala to London?

Travellers seeking maximum savings on their Kerala to London flight should consider departing on Friday at midday when fares are most often at their lowest. Sunday evenings flights should be avoided if possible as fares are typically the most expensive at this time.

Related info for your journey

How long is the flight from Kerala to London?
Departing from Kerala to London will take you 16h. The distance between Kerala and London is about 5102 mi. Both multi-stop and direct flights can be found to your destination and back.
What are the cheapest airlines to fly from Kerala to London one-way?
The cheapest airline one-way is SriLankan Airlines, with whom users have recently found tickets for as low as £138. However, be on the lookout for offers from Kuwait Airways and Etihad Airways, as they are both options that can get you from Kerala to London for a low price.
What are the most popular routes from Kerala to London?
The most popular flight routes from Kerala to London are Kochi - London Gatwick, Kochi - London Heathrow and Kochi - London Stansted.
Can I find deals for flights from Kerala to London that include hotel bookings?
Yes. In addition to deals on Kerala to London flights, Cheapflights offers holiday packages that include both flights and hotel.
How can I find direct flights from Kerala to London?
After entering your origin and destination, apply the non-stop filter on the search result page to find direct flights from Kerala to London.
Can I find deals for business class flights from Kerala to London?
Yes. Cheapflights offers flight deals from Kerala to London by cabin class. In addition to browsing deals, you can also filter by cabin class on the search results page after making a search.
What is the cheapest month to book a flight from Kerala to London?
Currently, June is the cheapest month in which you can book a flight from Kerala to London (average of £381). Flying from Kerala to London in September is currently the most expensive (average of £490). There are several factors that can impact the price of a flight, so comparing airlines, departure airports and flight times can provide users with more options.

See more FAQs

Milton Keynes

Croydon

Hounslow

Slough

Gatwick

Luton

Ilford

Wembley

Colchester

Brentford

Watford

Hayes

Crawley

Deal

Winchester

Romford

Bedford

Chichester

Guildford

Ipswich

Browse thousands of different options on Cheapflights for your next trip

Top 8 airlines flying from Kerala to London

Airline	Cheapest	Average	Flexibility	On-time
Oman Air	Cheapest£384	Average£594	FlexibilityNo cancel fee	On-time76%	Search Oman Air flights
Air India	Cheapest£404	Average£615	FlexibilityNo cancel fee	On-timeN/A	Search Air India flights
Kuwait Airways	Cheapest£417	Average£636	FlexibilityNo cancel fee	On-time64%	Search Kuwait Airways flights
Etihad Airways	Cheapest£451	Average£672	FlexibilityNo cancel fee	On-time75%	Search Etihad Airways flights
Qatar Airways	Cheapest£503	Average£646	FlexibilityNo cancel fee	On-time68%	Search Qatar Airways flights
Gulf Air	Cheapest£506	Average£836	FlexibilityNo cancel fee	On-time67%	Search Gulf Air flights
Emirates	Cheapest£510	Average£631	FlexibilityNo cancel fee	On-time75%	Search Emirates flights
SAUDIA	Cheapest£518	Average£1,299	FlexibilityNo cancel fee	On-time86%	Search SAUDIA flights

Fly with Cheapflights

How does Cheapflights help users find flights from Kerala to London?

Cheapflights goes through 900+ travel sites to look for the best flight deals for flights from Kerala to London. Too many options? Cheapflights also provides filters for things like airlines, price ranges, and number of stops to help you make a decision easily.

Why should you use Cheapflights to find cheap flight tickets from Kerala to London?

Millions of users choose and trust Cheapflights to book the best flight deals from Kerala to London for free. We help you search and compare prices from hundreds of airlines for the right flight just for you.

Can Cheapflights find flights from Kerala to London with no change fees?

Cheapflights does show flights with no change fees to all users. To see these options for flights from Kerala to London, users can toggle the no change fees filter when performing a flight search.

Can Cheapflights notify me if prices for flights from Kerala to London become cheaper?

Yes, Cheapflights offers price alerts on Kerala to London flights so you can book your travel at the perfect time. Price Alerts can be enabled by clicking the bell icon next to the flight deals above and providing your email address where you want to receive the alerts.

100% Free

Cheapflights is completely free to use, so you can start saving the moment you arrive.

Book with Flexibility

Our users can plan ahead with confidence and find flights with no change fees

Travel Smart

Millions of people come to us for their flight needs every year. We help make travel planning easy by providing useful insights and data-driven graphs that can inform your decisions.

Cheap flights from Kerala to London from £174

This is the cheapest one-way flight price found by a Cheapflights user in the last 72 hours by searching for a flight departing on 12/12. Fares are subject to change and may not be available on all flights or dates of travel.

Cheap flight deals from Kerala to London

Cheapest flights from Kerala to LondonExplore the most affordable flight options available from Kerala to London. Find the lowest fares from popular airlines and budget airlines, with prices last updated on 5 December 2025.

Explore the most affordable flight options available from Kerala to London. Find the lowest fares from popular airlines and budget airlines, with prices last updated on 5 December 2025.

Find flight deals from Kerala to London

Keep the following information in mind while searching for Kerala to London flight deals. Data was last updated 5 December 2025.

Round-trip from

One-way from

Popular in

Cheapest in

Average price

Good round-trip deal

Good one-way deal

Cheapflights Fare Finder

Use the filters below to find and compare flights from Kerala to London that are best for you.

Best time to book a flight from Kerala to London

Have a flexible travel schedule? Discover the best time to fly to London from Kerala with our price prediction graph.

Cheapflights Insights

Everything you need to know about your flight from Kerala to London

What is the cheapest month to book a flight from Kerala to London?

What is the cheapest time of day to fly from KL to LON?

Find hourly flight availability from Kerala to London. Discover flight options and departure times throughout the day, allowing you to choose a departure time that suits your schedule. Data last updated 5 December 2025.

What is the cheapest day to fly from Kerala to London?

Use this chart to determine the cheapest time to fly return from Kerala to London. Price data was last updated on 16 December 2024.

Related info for your journey

Find useful and relevant information for your journey from Kerala to London. Access travel guides, tips, and recommendations to enhance your travel experience. Get information about local attractions, weather, transportation options, and more.

How long is the flight from Kerala to London?

What are the cheapest airlines to fly from Kerala to London one-way?

What are the most popular routes from Kerala to London?

Can I find deals for flights from Kerala to London that include hotel bookings?

How can I find direct flights from Kerala to London?

Can I find deals for business class flights from Kerala to London?

What is the cheapest month to book a flight from Kerala to London?

Travelling to a place near London?

Browse thousands of different options on Cheapflights for your next trip

Toggle through the tabs below to find thousands of options on Cheapflights for your next trip.

Alternative routes for Kerala to London

See prices for flight routes from nearby airports that may be better suited for you.

Top 8 airlines flying from Kerala to London

Fly with Cheapflights

Find the best flight deals on Cheapflights, where travellers can enjoy low prices and a wide availability of flights to their desired destinations.

How does Cheapflights help users find flights from Kerala to London?

Why should you use Cheapflights to find cheap flight tickets from Kerala to London?

Can Cheapflights find flights from Kerala to London with no change fees?

Can Cheapflights notify me if prices for flights from Kerala to London become cheaper?

100% Free

Book with Flexibility

Travel Smart

Cheapest flights from Kerala to London
Explore the most affordable flight options available from Kerala to London. Find the lowest fares from popular airlines and budget airlines, with prices last updated on 5 December 2025.